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The Plague of Justinian (541–542) was a pandemic that afflicted the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), especially its capital Constantinople, the Sassanid Empire, and port cities around the entire Mediterranean Sea.〔 One of the greatest plagues in history, this devastating pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (initial outbreak) to 50 million (two centuries of recurrence) people.〔Rosen, William (2007), (''Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe'' ). Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.〕〔Moorshead Magazines, Limited. "The Plague Of Justinian." History Magazine 11.1 (2009): 9–12. History Reference Center〕 Recent research has confirmed that the cause of the pandemic was ''Yersinia pestis'', the organism responsible for bubonic plague.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate )〕 The plague's social and cultural impact during the period of Justinian has been compared to that of the similar Black Death that devastated Europe 600 years after the last outbreak of Justinian plague. The principal historian during the 6th century, Procopius, viewed the pandemic as worldwide in scope.〔〔 Genetic studies point to China as having been the primary source of the contagion. The plague returned periodically until the 8th century.〔(The Sixth-Century Plague )〕 The waves of disease had a major effect on the future course of European history. Modern historians named this plague incident after the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I, who was emperor at the time of the initial outbreak; he contracted the disease himself yet survived. == Origins and spread == The outbreak in Constantinople was thought to have been carried to the city by infected rats on grain boats arriving from Egypt.〔 To feed its citizens, the city and outlying communities imported massive amounts of grain—mostly from Egypt. Grain ships may have been the original source of contagion, as the rat (and flea) population in Egypt thrived on feeding from the large granaries maintained by the government. The Byzantine historian Procopius first reported the epidemic in 541 from the port of Pelusium, near Suez in Egypt.〔 Two other first-hand reports of the plague's ravages were by the Syriac church historian John of Ephesus and Evagrius Scholasticus, who was a child in Antioch at the time and later became a church historian. Evagrius was afflicted with the buboes associated with the disease but survived. During the disease's four returns in his lifetime, he lost his wife, a daughter and her child, other children, most of his servants, and people from his country estate.〔Evagrius, ''Historia Ecclesiae'', IV.29.〕 Procopius,〔Procopius, ''Persian War'' II.22–23.〕 in a passage closely modeled on Thucydides, recorded that at its peak the plague was killing 10,000 people in Constantinople daily, but the accuracy of this figure is in question and the true number will probably never be known. He noted that because there was no room to bury the dead, bodies were left stacked in the open. Funeral rites were often left unattended to, and the entire city smelled like the dead. 〔Procopius: The Plague, 542 〕 In his ''Secret History,'' he records the devastation in the countryside and reports the ruthless response by the hard-pressed Justinian: When pestilence swept through the whole known world and notably the Roman Empire, wiping out most of the farming community and of necessity leaving a trail of desolation in its wake, Justinian showed no mercy towards the ruined freeholders. Even then, he did not refrain from demanding the annual tax, not only the amount at which he assessed each individual, but also the amount for which his deceased neighbors were liable.〔Procopius, ''Anekdota'', 23.20f.〕 As a result of the plague in the countryside, farmers could not take care of crops and the price of grain rose at Constantinople. Justinian had expended huge amounts of money for wars against the Vandals in the region of Carthage and the Ostrogoths' kingdom in Italy. He had dedicated significant funds to the construction of great churches, such as Hagia Sophia. As the empire tried to fund these projects, the plague caused tax revenues to decline, possibly due to the massive number of deaths and the disruption of agriculture and trade. Justinian swiftly enacted new legislation to deal more efficiently with the glut of inheritance suits being brought as a result of victims dying intestate.〔Justinian, Edict IX.3; J. Moorhead 1994; Averil Cameron, ''The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395–600'', 1993:111.〕 The plague's long-term effects on European and Christian history may have been enormous. As the disease spread to port cities around the Mediterranean, the struggling Goths were reinvigorated and their conflict with Constantinople entered a new phase. The plague weakened the Byzantine Empire at a critical point, when Justinian's armies had nearly retaken all of Italy and the western Mediterranean coast; this evolving conquest would have reunited the core of the Western Roman Empire with the Eastern Roman Empire. Although the conquest occurred in 554, the reunification did not last long. In 568, the Lombards invaded northern Italy, defeated the small Byzantine army that had been left behind, and established the Kingdom of the Lombards. This began the fragmentation of Italy, which lasted until the Risorgimento of the 19th century. The plague may have also contributed to the success of the Arabs a few generations later in the Byzantine-Arab Wars.〔〔Rosen, William. (''Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe'' ). Viking Adult, 2007. Pg. 321–322. ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.〕 Some scholars〔John S. Wacher (1974, pp. 414–422); J.C. Russell (1958, pp. 71–99).〕 have suggested that the plague facilitated the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain, since its aftermath coincided with the renewed Saxon offensives in the 550s, after a period during which the Saxons were contained. Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd, was said to have died of the "Yellow Plague of Rhos" around 547 and, from 548 to 549, plague devastated Ireland as well. Saxon sources from this period are silent, as there are no sixth-century English documents. The Britons may have been disproportionately affected because of trade contacts with Gaul and other factors,〔Josiah C. Russell, ''Medieval Demography'', New York, AMS, 1987, p. 123.〕 such as British settlement patterns being more dispersive than English ones, which "could have served to facilitate plague transmission by the rat".〔Neville Brown, ''History and Climate Change: An Eurocentric Perspective'', Routledge, London, 2001, p.94–95.〕 The differential effects may have been exaggerated. In this era, British sources are more likely to report natural disasters than Saxon ones. In addition, "the evidence for artifact trade between the British and the English" implies significant interaction and "just minimal interaction would surely have involved a high risk of plague transmission".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plague of Justinian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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